MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS

                In 1905, a new Viceroy, Lord Minto arrived in India and shortly afterwards the Liberal Secretary of State, John Morley was appointed in London. Both came to the conclusion that India's demand foreign increased share in government could no longer be denied. Together they worked out a scheme for the reform of the legislative councils. Passed by Parliament in 1909 the statue was known officially as the Indian councils act (1909) and popularly as the Morlye-Minto Reforms.

• The number of members of the Legislative Council at the Centre increased from 16 to 60.
• Increase in the number of members of the Provincial Legislature (50 in Bengal, Madras and Bombay and 30 in the rest of the provinces).
• Categorisation of the members of the Legislative Councils (both at the Centre and Province's) into four classes : 
  1. Ex-offico members 
  2. Nominated official members 
  3. Nominated nonofficial members 4. Elected members
• Introduction of system of separate electorate under which all Muslims who are grouped in separate consstituencies from which Muslims alone could be elected.
• Majority of official members at the Centre; nonofficial at the provinces
• Permission to Councilmembers to discuss budget, suggest amendments and even to vote on certain items
• Nomination of two Indian story Council of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs. 

GROWTH OF EXTREMISM OR MILITANT NATIONALISM

             The closing decade of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of a new and younger group within the Indian National Congress which were sharply critical of the ideology and methods of the older leadership. These angry young men advocated the adoption of Swaraj as the goal of the Congress to be achieved by more self-reliant and independent method. The new group came to be called as extremist group.

Causes for the rise of Extremism or Militant Nationalism:

1.      Understanding of the True Nature of British Rule : By is their studies and writings, the early nationalist leaders have exposed the true nature of British rule in India. They repeatedly prove by study Calcutta that British rule and its policies were responsible for decrease in economic growth of India and poverty. All this led to great anger among the youths.

2.    Discontent over the Council Act of 1892 : The political events from years 1892 to 1905 also disappointed nationalist and forced them to think of more radical politics. The Indian Council Act of 1892 was a completed disappointment. In 1898 law was passed making it offance to excite "feeling of this affection" towards the foreign government. In 1899, the number of Indian members in the Calcutta Corporation was reduced from 75 to 50. The 25 members who were eliminated over those persons who were the representatives of the people of Calcutta. Even socially and culturally, the British rule was no longer progressive. Primary and technical education was not making any progress. The Indian Universities act of 1904 was seen by the nationalist as an attempt to bring the Indian universities under tighter official control and to check the growth of higher education.

3.    Increasing westernisation : The intellectual and emotional inspiration of the new leadership was Indian. The drain special from Indian spiritual heritage, they appealed to heroes of the Indian history and hope to revive the glories of ancient India. The writing of Bankim Chandera, Vivekananda and Swami Dayanand appealed to their imagination.

4.    Dissatisfaction with the performance of the Congress : The younger elements within the Congress were dissatisfied with the achievements of the Congress during the first 15 to 20 years and were disgusted with called and reactionary attitude of the government. They have lost all faith in the British sense of justice and fair play.

5.     International influences : Events outside Indian exercised a powerful influence on the growth of militant nationalism in India. The humiliating treatment to Indians in British colonies, especially in South Africa created and they British fillings. Further national movements in the Egypt, Persia, Turkey and Russia gave Indians new hopes and new inspirations. The rise of modern Japan after 1868 showed that a backward Asian country could develop itself without Western control.

6.    Militant Nationalism and revival of Hinduism : From almost the beginning, of the national movement School of militant nationalism represented by Rajnarain Bose and Ashwini Kumar Dutt in Bengal and Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar in Maharashtra had existed in the country. The most outstanding representative of the school was Bal Gangadhar Tilak, later popularly known as "Lokmanya Tilak".

7.     Growth of Education : The growth of a patient in Indian increased the influence of Western ideas of democracy, nationalism and that radicalism. He educated Indians became the strongest advocates of military nationalism. The treatment given to them by the foreigners added to the bitterness. They were low paid. Many of them were unemployed. They felt very strongly the foreigners domination. There was a feeling in the country that self-government was necessity for the economic, political and cultural advancement of the country.

8.    Growth of self-respect : Leaders like Tilak and B.C pal preached the message of self-respect and asked the nationalist to rely on the connector and capacities of the Indian people. They called upon the people to build their own future by their owner efforts.

9.    Famine : The big famine occurred in India in 1896-97. It affected about 20 million people spread over in different parts of India. The British government's apathy towards people's sufferings created severe discontent among people of India. The failure to check plagues infuriated people to such an extent that Damodar Hari Chapekar shot dead Rand, the Commissioner of Poona.

AP MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 18

18450 POSTS ---- PERMISSION TO FILLING AGENCIES

NITI AAYOG

• Replacing Planning Commission.

• NITI == NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA

• Will serve as a think tank of the Government-a directional and policy dynamo.

• NITI Aayog will provide Governments at the central and state levels with relevant strategic and technical advice across the spectrum of key elements of policy, this includes matters of national and international import on the economic front, dissemination of best practices from within the country as well as from other nations, the infusion of new policy ideas and specific issue-based support.

WHY TO CHANGE THE EXISTING SYSTEM?

The challenges we face as a country have also become more complex:

• India’s demographic dividend has to be leveraged fruitfully over the next few decades. The potential of our youth, men and women, has to be realized through education, skill development, elimination of gender bias, and employment. We have to strive to provide our youth productive opportunities to work on the frontiers of science, technology and knowledge economy.

• Poverty elimination remains one of the most important metrics by which alone we should measure our success as a nation. Every Indian must be given an opportunity to live a life of dignity and self respect. The words of Tiruvalluvar, the sage-poet, when he wrote that “nothing is more dreadfully painful than poverty”, and “gripping poverty robs a man of the lofty nobility of his descent”, are as true today as they were when written more than two thousand years ago.

• Economic development is incomplete if it does not provide every individual the right to enjoy the fruits of development. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya had enunciated this in his concept of Antyodaya, or uplift of the downtrodden, where the goal is to ensure that the poorest of the poor get the benefits of development. Inequalities based on gender biases as well as economic disparities have to be redressed. We need to create an environment and support system that encourages women to play their rightful role in nation-building. Equality of opportunity goes hand in hand with an inclusiveness agenda. Rather than pushing everyone on to a pre-determined path, we have to give every element of society – especially weaker segments like the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes - the ability to influence the choices the country and government make in setting the national agenda. In fact, inclusion has to be predicated on a belief in the ability of each member of society to contribute. As Sankar Dev wrote centuries ago in the Kirtan Ghosh: “To see every being as equivalent to one’s own soul is the supreme means (of attaining deliverance)”.

• Villages (Gram) continue to be the bedrock of our ethos, culture and sustenance. They need to be fully integrated institutionally into the development process so that we draw on their vitality and energy.

• India has more than 50 million small businesses, which are a major source of employment creation. These businesses are particularly important in creating opportunities for the backward and disadvantaged sections of the society. Policy making must focus on providing necessary support to this sector in terms of skill and knowledge upgrades and access to financial capital and relevant technology.

• Responsible development implies environmentally sound development. India is one of the mega-diverse countries. Our environmental and ecological assets are eternal, and must be preserved and safeguarded. The country’s legacy of respect for environment is reflected in our reverence for trees and animals. Our legacy to future generations must be sustainable progress. Each element of our environment (paryavaran) and resources, namely water, land and forest (Jal, Jameen evam Jungle) must be protected; and this must be done in a manner that takes into account their inter-linkages with climate (jal vayu) and people (jan). Our development agenda has to ensure that development does not sully the quality of life of the present and future generations.

WHAT IS EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE?

Effective governance in India will rest on the following pillars:

1.      Pro-people agenda that fulfils the aspirations of the society as well as individual,

2.    Pro-active in anticipating and responding to their needs,

3.    Participative, by involvement of citizens,

4.    Empowering women in all aspects

5.     Inclusion of all groups, with special attention to the economically weak (garib), the SC, ST and OBC communities, the rural sector and farmers (gaon and kisan), youth and all categories of minorities.

6.    Equality of opportunity to our country’s youth,

7.     Transparency through the use of technology to make government visible and responsive.

OBJECTIVES:

The NITI Aayog will work towards the following objectives:

• To evolve a shared vision of national development priorities, sectors and strategies with the active involvement of States in the light of national objectives. The vision of the NITI Aayog will then provide a framework ‘national agenda’ for the Prime Minister and the Chief Ministers to provide impetus to.

• To foster cooperative federalism through structured support initiatives and mechanisms with the States on a continuous basis, recognizing that strong States make a strong nation.

• To develop mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level and aggregate these progressively at higher levels of government.

• To ensure, on areas that are specifically referred to it, that the interests of national security are incorporated in economic strategy and policy.

• To pay special attention to the sections of our society that may be at risk of not benefitting adequately from economic progress.

• To design strategic and long term policy and programme frameworks and initiatives, and monitor their progress and their efficacy. The lessons learnt through monitoring and feedback will be used for making innovative improvements, including necessary mid-course corrections.

• To provide advice and encourage partnerships between key stakeholders and national and international like-minded Think Tanks, as well as educational and policy research institutions.

• To create a knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurial support system through a collaborative community of national and international experts, practitioners and other partners.

• To offer a platform for resolution of inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues in order to accelerate the implementation of the development agenda.

• To maintain a state-of-the-art Resource Centre, be a repository of research on good governance and best practices in sustainable and equitable development as well as help their dissemination to stake-holders.

• To actively monitor and evaluate the implementation of programmes and initiatives, including the identification of the needed resources so as to strengthen the probability of success and scope of delivery.

• To focus on technology upgradation and capacity building for implementation of programmes and initiatives.

• To undertake other activities as may be necessary in order to further the execution of the national development agenda, and the objectives mentioned above.

WHO ARE THE PART OF NITI AYOG ?

The NITI Aayog will comprise the following:

• Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson

• Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all the States and Lt. Governors of Union Territories

• Regional Councils will be formed to address specific issues and contingencies impacting more than one state or a region. These will be formed for a specified tenure. The Regional Councils will be convened by the Prime Minister and will comprise of the Chief Ministers of States and Lt. Governors of Union Territories in the region. These will be chaired by the Chairperson of the NITI Aayog or his nominee.

• Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as special invitees nominated by the Prime Minister

• The full-time organizational framework will comprise of, in addition to the Prime Minister as the Chairperson:

1.      Vice-Chairperson: To be appointed by the Prime Minister

2.    Members: Full-time 

3.    Part-time members: Maximum of 2 from leading universities research organizations and other relevant institutions in an ex-officio capacity. Part time members will be on a rotational basis.

4.    Ex Officio members: Maximum of 4 members of the Union Council of Ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister. 

5.     Chief Executive Officer: To be appointed by the Prime Minister for a fixed tenure, in the rank of Secretary to the Government of India.

6.    Secretariat as deemed necessary.

Chairperson Shri Narendra Modi, Hon'ble Prime Minister Vice Chairperson Dr. Rajiv Kumar Full-Time Members Dr. Bibek Debroy Shri V.K. Saraswat Prof. Ramesh Chand Dr. V. K. Paul  Ex-officio Members Shri Rajnath Singh, Minister of Home Affairs Shri Arun Jaitley, Minister of Finance; and  Minister of Corporate Affairs Shri Piyush Goyal, Minister of Railways Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Special Invitees Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari, Minister of Road Transport and Highways; and Minister of Shipping Shri Thaawar Chand Gehlot,Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani, Minister of Textiles. Chief Executive Officer Shri Amitabh Kant

ANTI ARGUMENTS:

1.      It may become a “PMO Commission” as all powers in this government were with one person, Prime Minister.

2.    It would further push the country into a market-driven economy and privatisation in all spheres at the expense of diluting even the present inadequate welfare schemes.

3.    Allocations to the States would be decided by the Finance Ministry, which would subject them to the political whims of the Union government.

4.    It dangerously opens new doors for political bargaining and deal-making.