DISCOVERERS-INVENTORS IN BIOLOGY

• Amino acid sequence of protein (insulin) Sanger
• Anaerobic release of energy L-Pasteur (1878)
• Bacteria Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
• Pure culture of Bacteria Lister J.
• Bacteriophage Towrt and De Herelle (1915)
• Blood Capillaries Marcello Malpighi
• Blood Groups Karl Landsteiner
• Blood Circulation William Harvey
• Bioluminescence E.R. Dubois
• Biocatalysts Edward Buchner
• Cyanophage Saffermann and Morris
• First description of cell (RBC) Jan Swammerdam (1658)
• Cell Robert Hooke (1665)
• Living cell A.V. Leeuwenhoek
• Cell Theory Schleiden and Schwann
• Centrosome Van Benden
• Centriole Van Benden
• Chromosomes Hofmeister
• Golgi bodies Cammileo Golgi
• Plastids Haeckel (1866)
• Chioroplast Schimper
• Mitochondria Kolliker (1880)
• Microtubules Robertis and Francis
• Microfilaments Paleviz et. al (1975)
• Nucleus Robert Brown
• Nucleolus Fontana
• Nucleoplasm Strasburger
• Ribosomes (Animal cell) Palade
• Sphaerosome Pernes (1953)
• Astral rays and spindle Beevers
• Endoplasmic reticulum Porter
• Central Dogma F.H.C. Crick (1918)
• Coenzyme A C. Lipmann
• Chlorophyll structure Willstartter and Fisher
• Cyclosis Amid
• Cytochrome C.A. Macmunn (1886)
• Citric Acid cycle Hans A. Krebs
• Double Helical Structure of DNA Watson and Crick
• Biological Synthesis of DNA with template A. Kornberg.
• Biological synthesis of DNA without template H.G.Khorona
• Enzyme Edward Buchner
• Embryo culture Laiback
• Extra embryonic membranes Von Baer
• Fertilization in plants E. Strasburger
• Double fertilization Nawaschin
• G0 phase Lajtha
• Gaseous exchange in blood Ludwig (1872)
• Genetic defects in human Sir Archibald Garrod
• Giant Salivary gland chromosomes Balbiani (1881)
• Hormones Beylis and Starling
• Heterothallism Blackslee
• Interferon Issacs and Linderman
• Insulin use for treatment of diabetics Banting
• Mendelism G. Mendel
• Rediscoverer of Mendelism Correns, Hugo de Vries and Tschmark
• Microtome W. His
• Micro-organisms Leeuwenhoek
• Mitosis W. Flemming
• Meiosis Farmer and Moore
• Mutations Hugo de Vries
• Nucleic acid Meishcher called it ‘Nuclein’
• Ovum (Mammalian) Karl E. Von Baer
• Omnis cellula e cellula R. Virchow
• Pinocytosis Edward and Lewis
• Phagocytosis Metchnikoff
• Penicillin Alexander Flemming
• Plasmodesmata Strasburger
• Photorespiration Garner and Allard
• Quantosome Park and Bigginis (1960)
• Quiescent centre Clowes
• Protoplasm Physical basis of life Huxley
• Streptomycin Salmon Waksman
• Chromatograph M.Tswett
• Tissue culture A. Carrel
• Isotopic tracing G. Havesy
• Measuring gaseous exchange manometry 0. Warburg
• Locating DNA in cell A. Feulgen
• Ultracentrifugation T. Svedberg
• Avena curvature test Went
• Teminism (Reverse Transcription) Temin
• Synthesis of urea Wohler
• Virus D. Iwanovsky (Obtained crystals of virus)

INDIA WELCOMES DEAL ON IRAN'S CONTROVERSIAL NUCLEAR PROGRAMME

India on 25 October 2013 welcomed the prospect of resolution of issues related to Iran's controversial nuclear programme through dialogue and diplomacy after Tehran agreed to curb it under a deal with six world power.

"India welcomes the prospect of resolving questions related to Iran's nuclear programme through dialogue and diplomacy," official spokesperson in the External Affairs Ministry said in New Delhi on Sunday.

Capping four days of negotiations, representatives the US, the UK, Russia, China, France and Germany (P5+1 group of nations) reached an agreement with Iran in the early hours in Geneva to slow its controversial nuclear programme in return for about USD 7 billion in sanctions relief.

Under the deal, Iran agreed to give better access to inspectors and halt some of its work on uranium enrichment. But Iranian negotiators insisted they still had a right to nuclear power.

In return, there will be no new nuclear-related sanctions on Iran for six months.

The agreement is consistent with India's position that the issue should be resolved diplomatically on the basis of recognition of Iran's right to peaceful use of nuclear energy and in accordance with its international obligations as a non-nuclear weapon state.

While stating that government was "in the process of obtaining details from our key interlocutors", the spokesperson recalled that India had welcomed the earlier agreement reached on 11th November between Iran and the IAEA, which is the only competent technical agency to verify the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear activities, on practical measures for enhanced IAEA verification activity at Iranian nuclear sites.

However, sanctions on oil exports from Iran will continue, affecting India and other countries.

India has slashed import of crude oil from Iran by over 26.5 percent in the financial year ended 31st March as US and European sanctions made it difficult to ship oil from the Persian Gulf nation.

Under the deal, Iran will also stop enriching uranium beyond 5 percent, the level at which it can be used for weapons research, and reduce its stockpile of uranium enriched beyond this point.

The agreement -- described as an "initial, six-month" deal -- could build trust and confidence between Iran and the international community and can lead to a durable and long-term settlement of the nuclear issue.

FEMALE INDIAN CHIEF MINISTERS

• Fourteen women have served as the chief minister of an Indian state.

• Currently, three are in office—Vasundara Rajae Scindia, Jayalalithaa and Mamata Banerjee.

• Of the eleven states to have been headed by a female chief minister, only three—Delhi, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh—have had two.

• Sucheta Kriplani is the first woman to be chief minister of any state in India.

• Syeda Anwara Taimur is the first muslim female who became the chief minister.

• J. Jayalalithaa is a film actress who became CM.

• Mayawait is the first dalit CM of any Indian state.

• Mamata Banerjee became CM after uprooting 34 year old Left front rule in the state.

• Vasundhara Raje belongs to royal Maratha Scindia family.

• Sheila Dikshit is the only woman chief minister to lead a government for a third consecutive term.

• Rajinder Kaur Bhattal is the first and only Female CM of Punjab till date.

• Janaki Ramachandran was CM only for 23 days.

• Shashikala Kakodkar is the first female CM of GOA.

No	Name	State	Term(s)	Party
1	Sucheta Kriplani	Uttar Pradesh	2 October 1963 – 13 March 1967	INC
2	Nandini Satpathy	Orissa	14 June 1972 – 3 March 1973 6 March 1974 – 16 December 1976	INC
3	Shashikala Kakodkar	Goa	12 August 1973 – 27 April 1979	Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
4	Syeda Anwara Taimur	Assam	6 December 1980 – 30 June 1981	INC
5	Janaki Ramachandran	Tamil Nadu	7–30 January 1988	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
6	J. Jayalalithaa	Tamil Nadu	24 June 1991 – 12 May 1996 14 May 2001 – 21 September 2001 2 March 2002 – 12 May 2006 16 May 2011 – present	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
7	Mayawati	Uttar Pradesh	13 June 1995 – 18 October 1995 21 March 1997 – 21 September 1997 3 May 2002 – 29 August 2003 13 May 2007 – 7 March 2012	Bahujan Samaj Party
8	Rajinder Kaur Bhattal	Punjab	21 January 1996 – 12 February 1997	INC
9	Rabri Devi	Bihar	25 July 1997 – 11 February 1999 9 March 1999 – 2 March 2000 11 March 2000 – 6 March 2005	Rashtriya Janata Dal
10	Sushma Swaraj	Delhi	13 October 1998 – 3 December 1998	Bharatiya Janata Party
11	Sheila Dikshit	Delhi	3 December 1998 – Dec 8 2013	INC
12	Uma Bharati	Madhya Pradesh	8 December 2003 – 23 August 2004	Bharatiya Janata Party
13	Vasundhara Raje	Rajasthan	8 December 2003 – 11 December 2008 13 Dec 2013 - Present	Bharatiya Janata Party
14	Mamata Banerjee	West Bengal	20 May 2011 – present	All India Trinamool Congress