FROM PLASSEY TO PARTITION BY SEKHAR BANDYOPADHYAY

.
.


.
.

INDIAN ECONOMY BY SANJIV VERMA

INDIAN ECONOMY BY SANJIV VERMA

.

.
TO BUY THE 2019 EDITION CLICK THE BELOW LINK

.
.


.
.


.

.

OBJECTIVE INDIAN ECONOMY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY RAMESH SINGH

            Objective Indian Economy and social Development continues to provide a pool of Objective type questions on different aspect of the Indian economy & social development. It is a uniquely designed question Bank built on Ramesh Singh’s bestselling title - Indian Economy. This edition has been updated keeping in view the recent changes in the nature of the questions that are being asked in the Civil Services Examinations. The integrated and interdisciplinary questions enable a holistic understanding of the subject and its linkages with diplomacy, Science and Technology, environment, education, politics, governance and international Relations. It also includes a separate set of questions exclusively based on the latest budget and economic Survey. This book is a leading question Bank and had proven to be useful for other related exams as well like RBI Grade B, UGC and other competitive examinations. 

.

.

BUY LATEST VERSION ONLINE FROM BELOW LINK

.

.

DOWNLOAD OLDER VERSION OF THIS BOOK FROM BELOW LINK

.

.

.

.

GEYSERS AND HOT SPRINGS

            Geysers are fountains of hot water and superheated steam that may spout up to a height of 150 feet from the earth beneath. The phenomena are associated with a thermal or volcanic region in which the water below is being heated beyond boiling-point. The jet of water is usually emitted with an explosion, and is often triggered off by gases seeping out of the heated rocks. Almost all the world's geysers are confined to three major areas: Iceland, the Rotorua district of North Island, New Zealand and Yellowstone Park of U.S.A. The world's best known geyser is perhaps 'Old Faithful' in Yellowstone National park, Wyoming which erupts at regular intervals- every 63 minutes on the average.

.

.

            Hot springs or thermal springs are more common, and may be found in any part of the earth where water sinks deep enough beneath the surface to be heated by the interior forces. The water rises to the surface without any explosion. Such springs contain dissolved minerals which may be of some medical value. Iceland has thousands of hot springs. Some of them have been harnessed to heat houses, swimming pools and for other domestic purposes. Hot springs and geysers have become tourist attractions e.g in Japan and Hawaii.

FACTORS AFFECTING SALINITY OF OCEANS AND SEAS

The variations of salinity in the various sea and oceans is affected by the following factors :-

·       The rate of evaporation - The water fringing the High Pressure Belts of the Trade Wing Deserts, between 20 degree and 30 degree N and S, have salinity because of the high rate of evaporation caused by high temperature and low humidity. The temperate oceans have lower salinity due to the lower temperature and a lower rate of evaporation.

·       The amount of fresh water added by precipitation streams and icebergs - Salinity is lower than the average 35% in equatorial waters because of the heavy daily rainfall and high relative humidity. Oceans into which huge rivers like the Amazon, Congo, Ganges, Irrawaddy and Mekong frain, have much of their saltness diluted and have a lower salinity. The Baltic, Arctic and Antarctic waters have a salinity of less than 32% because of the colder climate with little evaporation and because much fresh water is added from the melting of icebergs, as well as by several large poleward-bound rivers, e.g. Ob, Lena, Yenisey, and Mackenzine.

.

.

·       The degree of water mixing by currents - In wholly or partially enclosed seas such as the Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf, the waters do not mix freely with the ocean water and they are not penetrated by ocean currents. Salinity is high, often over 37%. In areas of inland drainage without links with the oceans, continuous evaporation under an almost cloudless sky causes the accumulation of salts around the shores. In the open oceans where currents freely flow, salinity tends to be near the average 35% or even a little lower. The range of salinity is negligible where there is free mixing of water by surface and sub-surface currents.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEATHER AND CLIMATE

            The term weather should not be confused with climate, though they are very closely related to each other in the study of meteorology and climatology. We don't hear people saying that the climate of the day is warm or cold, but we do talk of warm weather, a cold morning, a sunny afternoon, a rainy day or a chilly night. Any casual remarks about the atmospheric conditions of a certain place at a certain time are about weather. It is never static, and thus cannot be generalized. In the same country, even over a small area, the weather can vary tremendously. It may be sunny in one part of the district, but raining heavily a few miles away. Strong gales may be experienced along the coasts while the interior may be relatively calm. It is important to realise that any place can be subjected to haphazard changes in weather at any time.

.

.

            When we speak of climate we mean the average atmospheric conditions of an area over a considerable time. For climate averages, a minimum period of 35 years is desirable. This involves the systematic observation, recording and processing of the various elements of climate such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, air pressure, winds, clouds and sunshine before any standardization of the climate means or averages can be arrived at. The climate of Malaysia is described as hot, wet, equatorial climate which is a summing up of the average everyday climate of the country throughout the year.

            The degree of variability in the climate or weather of a country also differs. Generally speaking, the climate of temperate latitudes is far more variable than that of the tropics, The climate of the the British Isles is so changeable that many people have commented that ` Britain has no climate, only weather'. Conversely, the climate of Egypt is so static that it makes a good deal of sense when people say that ` Egypt has no weather, only climate'.

 

RIVER REJUVENATION

          The earth's crust is far from stable and it is not surprising that, in the course of a river's development, parts may be uplifted or depressed, giving rise to certain characteristics features associated with rejuvenation, i.e. being young again.

            A negative movement occurs when there is an uplift of land or a fall in sea level. This will steepen the slope so that active down-cutting is renewed. A fall in sea level leaves the flood-plain at an increased altitude above the sea level. The river with its renewed vigour cuts into the former flood-plain, leaving behind terraces on both sides of the river. There is also a break in the graded profile of the river, often marked by a series of rapids. This point where the old and rejuvenated profile meet is called the Knick Point or Rejuvenated Head.

.

.

            If rejuvenation occurs in the upper-course, the river valleys are deepened and steep-sided Gorges are formed. In the middle and lower course vertical corrasion replaces lateral corrasion and the existing meanders are vertically eroded by the rejuvenated stream. A distinct new inner trench is cut in the old valley, and the river develops a deep valley with entrenched or incised meanders. The best developed incised meanders are those of the River Colorado, U.S.A., where the uplift of 7,000 feet in the tertiary period renewed down-cutting to a fantastic depth. In some parts of the Grand canyon, the depth is almost a mile. It is 10 miles wide at the top and 300 miles long. Other examples are the River Moselle in Germany, the River Wear at Durham, England and the Wye Valley, Monmouthshire.

            A positive movement occurs when there is a depression of land or a rise in sea level. This submerge the lands along the coast, `drown' the valleys and weaken the erosive power of the river. The flow is checked and large quantities of sediment will be dropped. The lower course of the river may be partly in the sea and features of deposition are shifted upwards to the middle course. The upper course is little affected when there is a rise in sea level. In many areas where the sea has risen this was probably caused by the release of water locked up in the ice masses during the Quaternary Ice Ages.

INDIAN POLITY BY M. LAXMIKANTH – 6TH EDITION

 

 

Indian Polity In Telugu : An Study and Quiz app in Telugu refreshes knowledge on Indian Polity, who preparing for UPSC, APPSC, TSPSC & all Competitive exams.

DOWNLOAD THE APP FROM PLAY STORE

 

Indian Polity In Telugu : An Study and Quiz app in Telugu refreshes knowledge on Indian Polity, who preparing for UPSC, APPSC, TSPSC & all Competitive exams.

Quiz:
- More than 3000 questions are properly organised in to Categories(Topics).
- Previous years polity questions from UPSC, APPSC, TSPSC are added and updated regularly.
- Daily quiz category provides 20 questions everyday to practice polity on daily basis.
- Fast animated User-Interface presented in Quiz format.
- No limit in quiz practice, retry any number of time.
- Feel free to report wrong answers to question by sharing the question to email in the description along with right answer.

Study:
- Provides Constitution of India with explanation in Telugu.
- Current polity article in Telugu are updated regularly.
- Download previous year papers of UPSC, APPSC, TSPSC and other competitive exams.
- Download Indian Polity study material from DOWNLOADS (updates regularly).
- Study material was provided to have quick glance on Indian Polity.
- Educational pages on polity on different topics are provided to download.

Bookmarks: Bookmark important questions to read offline.

 

‘Indian Polity’ By M. Laxmikanth – 6th Edition is available for purchase now!

The much-awaited, updated edition of ‘Indian Polity’ by M. Laxmikanth is now available. The latest edition, which is the 6th, has 6 new chapters. Besides, there are updates in almost all chapters.

The book is recommended by many toppers as a must-read for the aspirants appearing for the APPSC GROUP 1, APPSC GROUP 2, TSPSC GROUP 1&2, UPSC Civil Services examination.

.

.

Features of ‘Indian Polity’ By M. Laxmikanth – 6th Edition

• 80 chapters and 16 appendices (940 pages).
• Chapters rearranged as per the latest pattern of the examination.
• Covers the recent developments in Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.
• Previous years’ questions and practice questions for both Preliminary and Mains Examinations.
• 6 New chapters: (1) Goods and Services Tax Council (2) National Commission for Backward Classes (3) National Investigation Agency (4) National Disaster Management (5) Role of regional parties (6) Coalition Government.

How to buy Indian Polity by Laxmikanth (6th edition)?

Link to buy ‘Indian Polity’ online from Amazon.

.

.

To download CLICK HERE…..

.

.

.

.

SHANKAR IAS ENVIRONMENT (7th Revised Edition)

SHANKAR IAS ENVIRONMENT (7th Revised Edition)– November ,2019

Shankar IAS Environment is the indispensable book for the purpose of preparation of Environment module for APPSC GROUP 1, APPSC GROUP 2, UPSC.

This is 7th Revised Edition– November, 2019

It has 29 chapters

Contents:

• Environmental Ecology
• Biodiversity
• Climate Change
• Agriculture
• Acts & Policies

BUY ONLINE

TO DOWNLOAD SIXTH EDITION CLICK HERE

.

.

.

GROUP 1 MAINS GENERAL ESSAY BY NAGESHWAR

.
.



.
.

ECONOMIC SURVEY 2019-20

.
.

ECONOMIC SURVEY VOL 1

.
.

ECONOMIC SURVEY VOL 2

.
.

ECONOMIC SURVEY STATISTICAL APPENDIX



.
.

INITIATIVES FOR SAFETY OF WOMEN AND GIRLS BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

The Government has also taken a number of initiatives for safety of women and girls, which are given below:

1.    The Government has set up Nirbhaya Fund for projects for safety and  security  of  women, for  which  Ministry  of  Women and Child Development is the nodal authority for appraising/ recommending the proposals / schemes to be funded under Nirbhaya Fund.

2.    In order to facilitate States/UTs, MHA has launched an online analytic tool for police on 19th February 2019 called “Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences” to monitor and track time-bound investigation in sexual assault cases in accordance with Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2018.

3.    MHA has launched the “National Database on Sexual Offenders” (NDSO) on 20th September 2018 to facilitate investigation and tracking of sexual offenders across the country by law enforcement agencies. NDSO has data of over 5 lakh sexual offenders.

.
.

4.    Emergency Response Support System, which provides a single emergency number (112) based computer aided dispatch of field resources to the location of distress has been operationalized in 20 States/ UTs in 2018-19.

5.    MHA has launched a cyber-crime portal on 20th September 2018 for citizens to report obscene content. Further, Cyber Crime Forensic Labs have been set up in several States, and training of over 3,664 personnel, including 410 Public Prosecutors and Judicial Officers in identifying, detecting and resolving cyber-crimes against women and children has been imparted.

6.    Using technology to aid smart policing and safety management, Safe City Projects have been sanctioned in phase I in 8 cities (Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow and Mumbai).

.
.

7.    In order to improve investigation, MHA has taken steps to strengthen DNA analysis units in Central and State Forensic Science Laboratories. This includes setting up of a State-of-the-Art DNA Analysis Unit in Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Chandigarh. MHA has also sanctioned setting-up and upgrading of DNA Analysis units in State Forensic Science Laboratories in 13 States/ UTs.

8.    MHA has notified guidelines for collection of forensic evidence in sexual assault cases and the standard composition in a sexual assault evidence collection kit. To facilitate adequate capacity in manpower training and skill building programs for Investigation Officers, Prosecution Officers and Medical Officers has commenced. 2,575 Officers have already been trained by Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) and Lok Narayan Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology and Forensic  Science  in  collection,  handling  and  transportation  of forensic evidence. BPR&D has distributed 3,120 Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kits to States/ UTs as orientation kit as part of training.

9.    In order to coordinate various initiatives for women safety, MHA has set up a Women Safety Division.

10.         Ministry of Women and Child Development has also introduced the scheme of One Stop Centres to provide integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence and a Scheme for Universalisation of Women Helpline to provide 24 hours emergency and non-emergency response to women affected by violence. Apart from above, the Ministry of Women and Child Development in collaboration with the Ministry of Home Affairs has envisaged engagement of Mahila Police Volunteers in States/UTs who will act as a link between police and community and facilitate women in distress.

.
.

11.         Further, Government of India conducts awareness generation programmes and publicity campaigns on various laws relating to women and their rights through workshops, cultural programmes, seminars, training programmes, advertisements in print and electronic media etc.

12.         MHA has issued advisories to all State Governments/UTs, advising them to ensure thorough investigation, conducting of medical examination of rape victims without delay and for increasing gender sensitivity in Police.

MAJOR REFORMS IN PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (PDS) FOR BETTER TARGETING, TRANSPARENCY & ACCOUNTABILITY?

           India has placed a lot of emphasis on improving the functioning of Public Distribution System in the country through automation of Fair Price Shops, computerization of Supply Chain Management and enforcement of provisions of National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 regarding oversight and grievance redressal in partnership with States/UTs.

Steps taken by Government of India for better targeting, Transparency and Accountability.

Automation of Fair Price Shops: Based on the pilots and learnings from the States/UTs, in November 2014 Department of Food & Public Distribution prescribed the guidelines and specifications for use of PoS at FPS. At present 2,04,162 FPSs (as on 15th May 2017) out of 5,26,377 have PoS.

Direct Benefit Transfer (Cash): “Cash Transfer of Food Subsidy Rules, 2015” were notified on August 21, 2015 under which food subsidy is directly credited to the account of the beneficiaries. At present Chandigarh, Puducherry and Dadra & Nagar Haveli (in few urban areas) are implementing this scheme.

.
.

Aadhaar Seeding in PDS: To weed out duplicate/in-eligible/bogus ration cards and to enable rightful targeting 77.56% i.e. about 17.99 crore ration cards (as on 15th May 2017) have been Aadhaar seeded. Under Section-7 of the Aadhaar Act 2016, the Department has notified the use of Aadhaar to receive subsidized foodgrains or Cash transfer on 8th February 2017.

Deletion of ration cards: As an outcome of digitization of Ration Cards/beneficiary records, de-duplication due to Aadhaar seeding, transfer/migration/deaths, change in economic status of beneficiaries and during the run-up to and implementation of NFSA a total of 2.33 crore ration cards have been deleted/cancelled. Based on this the Government has been able to achieve Rightful Targeting of Food Subsidies of about Rs 14,000 Crore per annum.

Digital/Cashless/Less-cash Payments in PDS: To promote the use of less-cash/digital payment mechanisms, the Department has issued detailed guidelines for use of AePS, UPI, USSD, Debit/Rupay Cards and e-Wallets on 7th December 2016. At present in 10 States/UTs a total of 50,117 FPSs are enabled for digital payments.

Automation of Fair Price Shops: On the basis of pilots and learnings from the States/UTs, in November, 2014 Department of Food & Public Distribution prescribed the guidelines and specifications for use of PoS at FPS. 

.
.

New central sector scheme ‘Integrated Management of PDS’ (IM-PDS): The scheme has been approved with an outlay of Rs. 127.3 crore to be implemented during FY 2018-19 and FY 2019-20 for establishing Public Distribution System Network (PDSN) to establish central data repository and central monitoring system of PDS operations and to also enable implementation of national level portability.

          The recent initiative of Village Mall Scheme aimed at improving the viability of Fair Price shops. To set up Village Malls in the FP Shops, the State Government of AP. 

DISCUSS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ADITYA L1 MISSION AND IT PAYLOADS IMPORTANCE?

·       Aditya-I is India's first dedicated scientific mission to study the sun.

·       Aditya-L1 mission is aimed at studying the Sun from an orbit around the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point 1 (L1) which is about 1.5 million kilometres from the Earth.

·       It would carry seven payloads to observe the photosphere, chromosphere and the outermost layers of the Sun, the corona in different wavebands.

·       Aditya-L1 can provide observations on the corona and in addition can provide observations on the solar Chromosphere using the UV payload and on the flares using the X-ray payloads.The particle detectors and the magnetometer payload can provide information on charged particles and the magnetic field reaching the halo orbit around L1.

Therefore, the Aditya-1 mission has now been revised to “Aditya-L1 mission” and will be inserted in a halo orbit around the L1, which is 1.5 million km from the Earth.  

.

.

The satellite carries additional six payloads with enhanced science scope and objectives.

·       Aditya-1 was meant to observe only the solar corona.

·       The outer layers of the Sun, extending to thousands of km above the disc (photosphere) is termed as the corona.

·       It has a temperature of more than a million degree Kelvin which is much higher than the solar disc temperature of around 6000K. How the corona gets heated to such high temperatures is still an unanswered question in solar physics.

·       Aditya-L1 with additional experiments can now provide observations of Sun's Corona (soft and hard X-ray, Emission lines in the visible and NIR), Chromosphere (UV) and photosphere (broadband filters). 

·       In addition, particle payloads will study the particle flux emanating from the Sun and reaching the L1 orbit, and the magnetometer payload will measure the variation in magnetic field strength at the halo orbit around L1. 

·       These payloads have to be placed outside the interference from the Earth’s magnetic field and could not have been useful in the low earth orbit.

·       The main payload continues to be the coronagraph with improved capabilities.  The main optics for this experiment remains the same.  

.

.

The complete list of payloads, their science objective and lead institute for developing the payload is provided below:

Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC): To study the diagnostic parameters of solar corona and dynamics and origin of Coronal Mass Ejections (3 visible and 1 Infra-Red channels); magnetic field measurement of solar corona down to tens of Gauss – Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA)

Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT): To image the spatially resolved Solar Photosphere and Chromosphere in near Ultraviolet (200-400 nm) and measure solar irradiance variations - Inter-University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics (IUCAA) 

Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX) : To study the variation of solar wind properties as well as its distribution and spectral characteristics – Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)       

Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA) : To understand the composition of solar wind and its energy distribution – Space Physics Laboratory (SPL), VSSC        

.

.

Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS) : To monitor the X-ray flares for studying the heating mechanism of the solar corona – ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)

High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS): To observe the dynamic events in the solar corona and provide an estimate of the energy used to accelerate the particles during the eruptive events - ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)and Udaipur Solar Observatory (USO), PRL

Magnetometer: To measure the magnitude and nature of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field – Laboratory for Electro-optic Systems (LEOS) and ISAC.

          With the inclusion of multiple payloads, this project also provides an opportunity to solar scientists from multiple institutions within the country to participate in space based instrumentation and observations.  Thus the enhanced Aditya-L1 project will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics.

HOW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ARE EXPECTED TO HELP ACHIEVE THE SDGS AND STRENGTHEN THERELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATE AND ITS CITIZENS?

          Development in a country is fostered by its efficient governance. To ensure betterment oftheir citizens, governments over the world have accepted Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), announced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the year2015, as acceptable governance targets for all. Information and CommunicationTechnologies (ICTs)1serve as meaningful contrivances to engage with all the cross-currentslinking the 17 SDGs together. Digital technologies were initially deployed in the early1990s as means of dissemination of public services and information. In present times,these technologies have also been accepted as means for co-creating values for citizensas insisted by participatory models of governance too.

Emerging Technologies - The Changing Realm of e-Governance

Category-I : ‘Artificial Intelligence-AI’ is an area of computer science that emphasises the creation ofintelligent machines that work and react like humans. Based on this logic, some of the applications of AI areMachine Learning, Robotics and Autonomous Vehicles (AV).Example are:

1.    AI can also make governments more vigilant about crimedetection/ incident response processes/ prospective emergencies by analysing ‘digital footprints’ of certainsuspicious people.

2.    New AI-based tools coupled with data mining tools are already being used by the armedforces to speculate about potential national security threat.

3.    Another popular AI implementation is that of drones that are remotely piloted aircraft systems. Dronesoffer low-cost, safe, and quick aerial surveys which can be used for data collection and are useful inindustries such as power, mining, realty, oil and gas exploration, railways and highways.

.

.

Category-II : ‘Transparently Immersive Technologies’ bring the physical world and the digitally simulatedworld closer, hence, creating a sense of immersion for the user. Real sensations can be experienced byusing technologies such as augmented reality, virtual reality, assistive technologies, and wearable technologies.Example are:

1.    The VR uses a computer-generated environment to provide interaction with the real system,using head-mounted systems, whereas, in the realm of AR, the actual machine is augmented or supplementedby computer-generated sensory output.

2.    In India,startups like ‘Smartivity’ have been selling STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)-based educationalcontent in the form of toys, and DIY (Do-It-Yourself) kits that are AR-enabled.

.

.

Category-III : ‘Emerging Digital Platforms’ are all the technologies that provide the advanced digital connectivity mechanisms and tremendous computing power to process humongous amount of fast data and ubiquity-enabling ecosystems. These features can be best experienced through digital technologies like 5G,Cloud Computing, IoT, Big Data and Blockchain technologies.Examples are :

1.    In India, NITI Aayog has developed the largest blockchain network by the nameof ‘IndiaChain’12 so that records/contracts based frauds are reduced, etc. IndiaChain will be linked to India-Stack and other government digital identification databases to further strengthen transparency in transactions.

2.    BigData analytics’ helps in ‘mining’ / excavating the datameaningfully, thereby creating new business models built around knowledge generated by analysing this humongous and heterogenous data.

FOREST FIRE

            The  word “fire”  evolved from the  Greek word “pyra” meaning growing  embers. Fire is actually the heat  and the light that results when three  elements i.e. fuel, oxygen and the source  are combined. The other elements, which determine  the behavior of the fire, are weather, the landscape  and the presence of the fuel.

            Recent forest fire in Australia has been alarmed the world, this can be understood, need urgent measures in combating forest fire  which highly impacted the ecosystem. Let us see how India prepared forest fire.

 Why forests fire?

            Forest  fire may  be defined  as an unclosed  and freely spreading combustion  that consumes the natural fuels.  Combustion. More than ninety five percent  forest fires are caused either by negligence or unknowingly by the human being. The rest of the fires are caused by natural reasons i. e. lightning, extreme rise in the temperature etc., which are very rare. In general all over the world the main causes  of forest fires are anthropogenic. According to FAO report “Fire Management- Global Assessment ”, regional estimates of human induced forest fires as follows:

a. Mediterranean- 95%

b. South Asia 90 %

c. South America 85

d. North America 80 %

e. Balkan countries 59 %

The natural causes of forest fires are common in remote areas only.

.

.

Causes of forest Fire :

.

.

Adverse impacts of forest fire:

·       Forest fires are a major cause of degradation of forests/environment.

·       Loss of valuable timber resourcesForest fires cause indispensable loss to timber and deteriorate its quality. Valuable timber species like teak, sal, chir, deodar, sheesam , rosewood etc. are adversely affected by fire.

·       Impact of forest fire on eco- system:The uncontrolled fires in such areas help in spreading pine forest at the cost of indigenous oak forest, which is very serious threat to the ecological balance.

·       Degradationofwatercatchmentsareasresultingintolossofwater-After forest fire, soil moisture is decreased and litter decomposition becomes almost negligible, which creates a possibility of forest fire in future.

·       Loss of wildlife habitat and depletion of wildlife- Forests are the habitat of many wild animals.Forest fire dramatically impacts the animal.

·       Loss of natural vegetation and reduction of forest cover- As a result of fires, millions of hectares of the forest area turn to ashes and remains of no use.

·       Global warming- One of the major culprits of climate change is forest fire. The immediate effect of vegetation burning is the production and release of gases including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, methyl chloride and various other gases, which are released and returned to the atmosphere in a matter of hours.

·       Socio-economic impact- Fire is a major factor of destruction of human settlement and often causes deterioration of site by subsequent increased erosion.

.

.

            The Government of India took numbers of the progressive steps for protection, preservation and management of forests fires, including:

I. The Indian Forest Service was revived in 1966 to ensure co-ordinated professional management of Forests.

2. government initiated National plan forest fire management. :considers Forest Fire Management as an integral component of forest management planning,

3.Since the year 2005, FSI has been monitoring forest fires across the country using inputs received from MODIS satellite system, a joint collaboration of NASA.

4.Institutional Setup for Forest Fire Management and stakeholders coordination. example :the Forest Protection Division, headed by Inspector General (IG) level officer looks after the forest fire management work at National level with the cooperation of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).

5:Policy framework :Develop/ update forest fire manuals for field staff guiding them in simple way to detect/ report about and suppress forest fire.

6. Assess and monitor forest fire risks and enhance sustainable application of warning systems :Increased capacity in generating relevant warning, increased understanding of warning systems by forest management functionaries and sustained support and coordination between the partner organizations

7 Knowledge management, capacity building and awareness generation:Use knowledge and training to build a culture of innovation, safety and resilience, and institutionalize training on FFM for Forest Department, other role players and also at community levels.Example:Central Fire Management Research and Training Institute.

8 Technical options for forest fire management:Increased capacity to manage forest fire, involving community and using a variety of tested technical interventions.

Systematic Strategic planning effective forest management :

·       Publicity and extension- Covering preparation of publication/extension material e.g. pamphlets, handouts, circulars, posters and media programs through TV, radio, video tapes, etc.

·       Training and education- Designing syllabus for planning, management and ground level firefighting courses in Forestry Institutions.

·       Strengthening of organizational framework- Though appropriate modification and alteration in State Forest Departments’ structural framework and providing sufficient human power.

·       Research and development, by strengthening the existing and introducing new R&D institutions dealing with forest fire management.

·       Establishment of National Forest Fire Danger Rating System- Designing uniform.

·       Contious Monitoring,  evaluation and updating  prescription- Designing uniform formats for reporting, monitoring and evaluation.